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Appendicitis (signal in some early datasets)
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What: Appendicitis was flagged in some early surveillance as a potential signal, though later evidence did not confirm a causal link.
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Which vaccines: Mixed/uncertain.
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How common: No consistent increased incidence established — area of ongoing study. Taylor & Francis Online
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Autoimmune or auto-inflammatory flares (e.g., IBD, rheumatologic reactions)
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What: Flare-ups of preexisting autoimmune conditions have been reported anecdotally; studies show most people with autoimmune disease tolerate vaccines well.
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Which vaccines: Reported across types; causality is often unclear.
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How common: Uncommon; benefits of vaccination typically outweigh small flare risk for most patients. Taylor & Francis Online
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Rare dermatologic reactions (e.g., erythema multiforme, severe cutaneous reactions)
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What: A variety of skin reactions ranging from mild rash to rare severe reactions.
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Which vaccines: Reported across vaccine platforms; most are mild.
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How common: Rare. PMC
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Other very rare vascular/hematologic signals (e.g., other clotting disorders)
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What: Small safety signals for rare blood-clotting conditions and related hematologic issues in very large datasets.
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Which vaccines: Some signals seen more with adenoviral-vector vaccines, other signals appear across platforms but with low absolute numbers.
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How common: Extremely rare, detected only because surveillance datasets included tens of millions of people. PubMed+1
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